Veterinary Drug Handbook (VDH) is the reference veterinarians turn to when they want an independent source of information on the drugs that are used in veterinary medicine today.

NOVOBIOCIN SODIUM

Chemistry - An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus or spheroides, novobiocin sodiumoccurs as white to light yellow, crystalline powder and is very soluble in water.

Storage, Stability, Compatibility

Novobiocin should be stored in tight containers and at roomtemperature unless otherwise directed.

Pharmacology - NOVOBIOCIN SODIUM

Novobiocin is believed to act in several ways in a bactericidal manner. It inhibitsbacterial DNA gyrase, thereby interfering with protein and nucleic acid synthesis. It also interfereswith bacterial cell wall synthesis. Activity of the drug is enhanced in an alkaline medium.
The spectrum of activity of novobiocin includes some gram positive cocci (Staphs, Streptococcuspneumonia, and some group A streps). Activity is variable against other Streptococci and weakagainst the Enterococci. Most gram negative organisms are resistant to the drug, but some
Haemophilus sp., Neisseria sp., and Proteus sp. may be susceptible.

Uses, Indications

As a single agent, novobiocin is approved for use in dry dairy cattle as amastitis tube and as a premix for chickens, turkeys, ducks, and mink. It is available in combinationwith procaine penicillin G to treat mastitis in lactating dairy cattle. Novobiocin is available incombination with tetracycline ± prednisolone for oral use in dogs.

Pharmacokinetics - NOVOBIOCIN SODIUM

After oral administration, novobiocin is well absorbed from the GI tract. Peaklevels occur within 1-4 hours. The presence of food can decrease peak concentrations of the drug.
Novobiocin is only poorly distributed to body fluids with concentrations in synovial, pleural andascitic fluids less than those found in the plasma. Only minimal quantities of the drug cross theblood-brain barrier, even when meninges are inflamed. Highest concentrations of novobiocin arefound in the small intestine and liver. The drug is approximately 90% protein bound and isdistributed into milk.
Novobiocin is primarily eliminated in the bile and feces. Approximately 3% is excreted into theurine and urine levels are usually less than those found in serum.

Contraindications, Precautions, Reproductive Safety

Novobiocin is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to it. Additionally, the drug should be used with extreme caution in patientswith preexisting hepatic or hematopoietic dysfunction.
Safety during pregnancy has not been established; use only when clearly indicated.

Adverse Effects, Warnings

Adverse effects reported with the systemic use of this drug includefever, GI disturbances (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), rashes and blood dyscrasias. In humans, occurrances of hypersensitivity reactions, hepatotoxicity and blood dyscrasias have significantly limited the use of this drug.

Overdosage, Acute Toxicity

Little information is available regarding overdoses of this drug. It issuggested that large oral overdoses be handled by emptying the gut following standard protocols;monitor and treat adverse effects symptomatically if necessary.

Drug Interactions

Novobiocin reportedly acts similarly to probenecid by blocking the tubulartransport of drugs. Although the clinical significance of this is unclear, the elimination rates ofdrugs excreted in this manner (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins) could be decreased and half-lives prolonged.
Drug/Laboratory Interactions - Novobiocin can be metabolized into a yellow-colored productthat can interfere with serum bilirubin determinations. It may also interfere with the determination
BSP (bromosulfophthalein, sulfobromophthaelein) uptake tests by altering BSP uptake or biliaryexcretion.
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