Doses - MORPHINE SULFATE
Dogs: 
As a post-operative analgesic: a) 0.25 - 1.0 mg/kg IM or IV prn (Reidesel )
b) 0.25 mg/kg SQ q1-2h prn (Booth 1988a)
For analgesia:
a) 0.5 - 1.0 mg/kg SQ, IM prn (Morgan 1988)
As a preanesthetic:
a) 0.1 - 2 mg/kg SQ (Booth 1988a)
For adjunctive treatment of cardiogenic edema:
a) 0.1 mg/kg IV q2-3minutes prn to effect (reduction in dyspnea and anxiety), or 0.25 mg
SQ (Roudebush 1985)
For adjunctive treatment of supraventricular premature beats:
a) 0.2 mg/kg IM or SQ (Morgan 1988)
For treatment of hypermotile diarrhea:
a) 0.25 mg/kg (Jones 1985a)
As an antitussive:
a) 0.1 mg/kg q6-12h SQ (Roudebush 1985)
Cats: 
For analgesia: a) 0.05 - 0.1 mg/kg SQ, IM prn (Morgan 1988)
b) 0.1 mg/kg q4-6h SQ or IM (Jenkins 1987), (Booth 1988a)
Note: Use cautiously; may cause significant CNS excitement if used without a concurrenttranquilizer.
Horses: 
For analgesia: a) 0.22 mg/kg IM or slow IV (Booth 1988a)
b) 0.2 - 0.6 mg/kg IV (slowly); premedicate with xylazine (1 mg/kg IV) to reduce excitement (Jenkins 1987)
c) 0.02 - 0.04 mg/kg IV (Muir 1987)
d) 0.05 - 0.12 mg/kg IV (Thurmon and Benson 1987)
Note: Narcotics may cause CNS excitement in the horse. Some clinicians recommend pretreatment with acepromazine (0.02 - 0.04 mg/kg IV), or xylazine (0.3 - 0.5 mg/kg IV) to reduce the behavioral changes these drugs can cause.
Warning: Narcotic analgesics can mask the behavioral and cardiovascular symptoms associatedwith mild colic.
Swine: 
As a preanesthetic/analgesic (prior to chloralose/barbiturate): a) 0.2 - 0.9 mg/kg IM. Note: may cause undesirable stimulation. (Booth 1988a)
As an analgesic:
a) 0.2 mg/kg up to 20 mg total dose IM. (Jenkins 1987)
Sheep & Goats:
As an analgesic: a) Up to 10 mg total dose IM. (Jenkins 1987)
Monitoring Parameters -
Client Information - When given parenterally, this agent should be used in an inpatient setting orwith direct professional supervision.
Dosage Forms/Preparations/FDA Approval Status/Withholding Times - Veterinary-Approved Products: None
Human-Approved Products:
Morphine Sulfate for Injection: 0.5 mg/ml in 2, & 10 ml amps and 10 ml vials; 1 mg/ml in 2, 10, 30 & 60 ml amps and 10 ml vials; 2 mg/ml in 50 ml vials and 1 & 2 ml syringes; 3 mg/ml in50 ml vials; 4 mg/ml in 1& 2 ml syringes; 5 mg/ml in 1 & 30 ml vials; 8 mg/ml in 1 ml vials, amps & syringes; 10 mg/ml in 1 ml amps, vials, 10 ml vials and 20 ml amps; 15 mg/ml in 1 &20 ml amps, & vials; 25 mg/ml in 4, 10 , 20, & 40 ml syringes and 20 ml ampuls; 50 mg/ml in10, 20 and 40 ml syringesMorphine Sulfate for Injection (preservative-free): 0.5 mg/ml, 10 ml amps & vials; 1 mg/ml, 10ml amps & vials;Infumorph® (Elkins-Sinn); Astramorph PF® (Astra)
Morphine Sulfate Soluble Tablets: 10 mg, 15 mg, 30 mg
Morphine Sulfate Tablets: 15 mg, 30 mg
Morphine Sulfate Capsules: 15 mg, 30 mg
Morphine Sulfate Oral Solution; 10 mg/5ml in 100, 120 & 500 ml btls & unit dose (2.5, 5, 10ml); 20 mg/5ml in 100, 120 & 500 ml btls & unit dose 5 ml; 20 mg/ml in 30 & 120 ml, in UD1 ml and 1.5 ml vials; 100 mg/5 ml in 120 & 240 ml
Morphine Sulfate Controlled-release Tablets 15 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg
Morphine Sulfate Rectal Suppositories 5 mg, 10 mg & 20 mg, 30 mg in UD 12's and 50's
Note: All morphine products are Rx and a Class-II controlled substance. Very accurate recordkeeping is required as to use and disposition of stock. See the appendix for more information.
MOXIDECTIN
Chemistry/
Storage, Stability, Compatibility
An avermectin-class antiparasitic agent, moxidectin is a semi-synthetic methoxime derivative of nemadectin.The commercially available tablets for dogs should be stored at room temperature (do not store attemperatures greater than 77°F) and not be exposed to light for extended periods of time.
The topical solution for cat le should be stored at, or below room temperature. Do not allowprolonged exposure to temperatures above 77°F. If product becomes frozen, thaw completely andshake well before using.
The oral gel for horses should be stored at, or near room temperature (59°F-86°F); avoid freezing.
If product becomes frozen, thaw completely before using. Partially used syringes should have thecap tightly secured.
Pharmacology
The primary mode of action of avermectins like moxidectin is to affect chlorideion channel activity in the nervous system of nematodes and arthropods. The drug binds to receptors that increase membrane permeability to chloride ions. This inhibits the electrical activity ofnerve cells in nematodes and muscle cells in arthropods and causes paralysis and death of theparasites. Avermectins also enhance the release of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) at presynaptic neurons. GABA acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter and blocks the post-synaptic stimulation of the adjacent neuron in nematodes or the muscle fiber in arthropods. Avermectins aregenerally not toxic to mammals as they do not have glutamate-gated chloride channels and thesecompounds do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier where mammalian GABA receptors occur.Uses, Indications
In dogs, moxidectin is indicated as a once a month oral preventative for theprevention of heartworm.In cattle, moxidectin is indicated for the treatment and control of the following internal [adult andfourth stage larvae (L4)] and external parasites: Gastrointestinal roundworms: Ostertagia ostertagi(adult and L4, including inhibited larvae), Haemonchus placei (adult), Trichostrongylus axei (adultand L4), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (adult), Cooperia oncophora (adult), Cooperia punctata(adult), Bunostomum phlebotomum (adult), Oesophagostomum radiatum (adult), Nematodirushelvetianus (adult); Lungworm: Dictyocaulus viviparus (adult and L4); Cattle Grubs: Hypodermabovis, Hypoderma lineatum.. Mites: Chorioptes bovis, Psoroptes ovis (Psoroptes communis var.bovis); Lice: Linognathus vituli, Haematopinus eurysternus, Solenopotes capillatus, Damaliniabovis.; Horn flies: Haematobia irritans. To control infections and to protect from reinfection from
Ostertagia ostertagi for 28 days after treatment and from Dictyocaulus viviparus for 42 days aftertreatment.
In horses and ponies, moxidectin is indicated for the treatment and control of the following stagesof gastrointestinal parasites: Large strongyles: Strongylus vulgaris (adults and L4L5 arterialstages); Strongylus edentatus (adults and tissue stages); Triodontophorus brevicauda (adults);
Triodontophorus serratus (adults); Small strongyles (adults and larvae): Cyathostomum spp.(adults); Cylicocyclus spp. (adults); Cylicostephanus spp. (adults); Gyalocephalus capitatus(adults); undifferentiated lumenal larvae; Encysted cyathostomes: late L3 and L4 mucosal cyathostome larvae; Ascarids: Parascaris equorum (adults and L4 larval stages); Pin worms: Oxyurisequi (adults and L4 larval stages); Hair worms: Trichostrongylus axei (adults); Large-mouthstomach worms: Habronema muscae (adults); Horse stomach bots: Gasterophilus intestinalis(2nd and 3rd instars).
Pharmacokinetics
Minimal information was located. In cat le, the drug apparently has a longduration of plasma residence (14-15 days). After subQ injection, approximately 5% of the dosegiven to the cow can be passed to the suckling calf.Contraindications, Precautions, Reproductive Safety -
Dogs:
The manufacturer warns to only use this product in dogs tested negative for heartworm infection. Adult heartworms and microfilaria should be removed prior to therapy. If more than twomonths pass between dosages of this, or other once a month heartworm preventative medications, the dog should be tested for heartworm infection before receiving the next dose. Reproductive studies have demonstrated no evidence of adverse effects on fertility, reproductiveperformance, or offspring
Cattle: 
Not for use in female dairy cattle of breeding age. Thus far at labeled doses, adverse effectsappear to nonexistent or minimal. Reproductive studies performed thus far have demonstrated no evidence of adverse effects onfertility, reproductive performance, or offspring in cattle treated.
Horses: Not for horses intended for food purposes and is not labeled for use in foals younger than4 months of age.
Reproductive studies performed thus far have demonstrated no evidence of adverse effects onfertility, reproductive performance, or offspring in horses treated.
Adverse Effects, Warnings -
Dogs:
While adverse reactions to this medication apparently occur infrequently, the followingadverse reactions are noted on the product label: lethargy, vomiting, ataxia, anorexia, diarrhea, nervousness, weakness, increased thirst and itching. Studies done in Collies (up to 20X) demonstrated no notable adverse effects. One Col ie receiving doses of 30X demonstrated mild signs ofdepression, ataxia, and salivation.Cattle:
Thus far at labeled doses, adverse effects appear to nonexistent or minimal.Horses:
Thus far at labeled doses, adverse effects appear to nonexistent or minimal. Overdosage -
Dogs:
The drug apparently has a very wide margin of safety in dogs when administered orally. Dosages of up to 300X (1120 mcg/kg) demonstrated little or no effects.
Cattle:
In studies done on cattle, application of the pour-on solution at 5X the recommended dosefor 5 consecutive days, 10X for 2 consecutive days and 25X for one day did not produce anysignificant adverse clinical or pathological effects. Horses: In one study, three of eight foals given the 3X dose became depressed or ataxic after onetreatment. The author has received an anecdotal report of a miniature horse developing seizures afterreceiving a full tube of Quest®.