Doses - PHYTONADIONE, VITAMIN K1
Dogs & Cats: 
For anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity: a) For known warfarin or other first generation coumarin toxicity or Vitamin K1 deficiency: Initially, 2.5 mg/kg given SQ in several sites, then 0.25 - 2.5 mg/kg PO in divided doses (bid-tid) for 5-7 days.
For known indandione (diphacinone) or second generation coumarin (brodifacoum)toxicity: Loading dose of 5 mg/kg SQ in several sites; then 5 mg/kg divided bid-tid POfor two weeks, then reevaluate coagulation status. Animal's activity should be restrictedfor one week after phytonadione therapy is ended. Coagulation status should then bereevaluated 3 weeks after cessation of therapy.
For unknown anticoagulant toxicity: Load with 2.5 mg/kg SQ over several sites. Then2.5 mg/kg PO divided bid-tid for 7 days. Two days post cessation of therapy, reevaluatecoagulation status. If one-stage prothrombin time (OSPT) is elevated continue therapyfor 2 additional weeks. If not elevated, repeat OSPT in two days. If normal, the animalshould be rested for one week. If abnormal, continue therapy for an additional week andrecheck OSPT's as above. (Mount, Woody, and Murphy 1986)
b) For known warfarin, fumarin, pindone, or valone ingestions: 1 mg/kg PO once daily for4-6 days.
For known bromadiolone or brodifacoum ingestions: 2.5 mg/kg PO once daily ususallyfor 2-3 weeks (broadiolone duration unknown).
For known diphacinone or chlorphacinone ingestions: 2.5 - 5 mg/kg PO for 3-4 weeks.
Note: ususal dosages and durations; use oral route (with one teaspoon of canned dogfood) if animal not vomiting, otherwise SubQ route preferred over IV. Therapy must becontinued for as long as rodenticide is inhibiting vitamin K1 epoxide recycling. (Feliceand Murphy 1995)
c) For acute cases: Handle animal gently. Avoid IM injections; give fresh, whole bloodtransfusion 10-20 ml/kg IV (first half rapidly, then at 20 drops/minute). Give oxygen ifhypoxic; if dyspneic consider radiographs and thorocentesis for intrathoracic hemorrhage. Then give phytonadione as below.
For subacute cases: Give phytonadione at 2-3 mg/kg SQ q12h for large dogs and 5mg/kg SQ q12h for small dogs and cats. Repeat until coagulation times are normal.
Follow with oral phytonadione at 2.5 - 3 mg/kg PO divided tid for 4-6 days if shortacting coumarin (e.g., warfarin) or up to 30 days for long-acting agents. (Grauer and Hjelle 1988)
d) Cats: 15 - 25 mg total dose as a 5% solution in D5W IV slowly daily, given for 5-7days for first generation agents and for 3-4 weeks for second generation agents. Mayalso be given undiluted IM or orally once bleeding is controlled. Reevaluate at 3-dayintervals for 9-10 days. If clotting times increase, reinstitute therapy for an additional 1-2 weeks. (Reid and Oehme 1989), (Weiser 1989a)
Cattle: 
For anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity: a) Initially 0.5 - 2.5 mg/kg IV in D5W at a rate of 10 mg/minute. Subsequent doses maybe given IM or SQ. Second generation agents may require 3-4 weeks of treatment.(Bailey 1986b)
b) 0.5 - 2.5 mg/kg IM, if IV use is necessary (avoid if possible), dilute in saline or D5W/saline and give very slowly (not to exceed 5 mg/minute). (Upson 1988)
c) For acute hypoprothrombinemia with hemorrhage: 0.5 - 2.5 mg/kg IV, not to exceed 10mg/minute in mature animals and 5 mg/minute in newborn and very young animals.
For non-acute hypoprothrombinemia: 0.5 - 2.5 mg/kg IM or SQ (Label directions;
Veda-K1®¯Vedco)
For sweet clover (dicumarol) toxicity:
a) Give blood if necessary, then phytonadione 1 mg/kg IV or IM; repeat 2-3 times dailyfor 2 days. (Osweiler and Ruhr 1986)
Horses: 
For warfarin (or related compounds) toxicity: a) 500 mg SQ q4-6h until one-stage prothrombin time (OSPT) returns to normal controlvalues. Whole blood or fresh plasma may also be necessary early in the course oftreatment. (Byars 1987)
b) 0.5 - 2.5 mg/kg IM, if IV use is necessary (avoid if possible), dilute in saline or D5W/saline and give very slowly (not to exceed 5 mg/minute). (Upson 1988)
c) For acute hypoprothrombinemia with hemorrhage: 0.5 - 2.5 mg/kg IV, not to exceed 10 mg/minute in mature animals and 5 mg/minute in newborn and very young animals.
For non-acute hypoprothrombinemia: 0.5 - 2.5 mg/kg IM or SQ (Label directions;
Veda-K1®¯Vedco)
Swine: 
For warfarin (or related compounds) toxicity: a) 0.5 - 2.5 mg/kg IM, if IV use is necessary (avoid if possible), dilute in saline or D5W/saline and give very slowly (not to exceed 5 mg/minute). (Upson 1988)
b) For acute hypoprothrombinemia with hemorrhage: 0.5 - 2.5 mg/kg IV, not to exceed 10mg/minute in mature animals and 5 mg/minute in newborn and very young animals.
For non-acute hypoprothrombinemia: 0.5 - 2.5 mg/kg IM or SQ (Label directions;
Veda-K1®¯Vedco)
Sheep & Goats:
For warfarin (or related compounds) toxicity: a) 0.5 - 2.5 mg/kg IM, if IV use is necessary (avoid if possible), dilute in saline or D5W/saline and give very slowly (not to exceed 5 mg/minute). (Upson 1988)
b) For acute hypoprothrombinemia with hemorrhage: 0.5 - 2.5 mg/kg IV, not to exceed 10mg/minute in mature animals and 5 mg/minute in newborn and very young animals.
For non-acute hypoprothrombinemia: 0.5 - 2.5 mg/kg IM or SQ (Label directions;
Veda-K1®¯Vedco)
Birds: 
For hemorrhagic disorders: a) 0.25 - 0.5 ml/kg IM of the 10 mg/ml injectable product. Commonly used before surgerywhere hemorrhage is anticipated. (McDonald 1989)
b) 0.2 - 2.5 mg/kg IM as needed; usually only 1-2 injections are required. May also beused prophylactically when amprolium and sulfas are administered. (Clubb 1986)
Monitoring Parameters -
Client Information - Because it may take several weeks to eliminate some of the anticoagulantrodenticides from the body, clients must be counseled on the importance of continuing to administer the drug (phytonadione) for as long as instructed or renewed bleeding may occur. Unlessotherwise instructed, oral phytonadione should be administered with food, preferably foods high infat content. During therapy, animals should be kept quiet whether at home or hospitalized.
Dosage Forms/Preparations/FDA Approval Status/Withholding Times - Veterinary-Approved Products:
Phytonadione Oral Capsules 25 mg; Veta-K1® (PVL; Vedco); (Rx) Approved for use in dogsand cats.
Phytonadione Aqueous Colloidal Solution for Injection 10 mg/ml in 30 ml and 100 ml vials;
Veda-K1® (Vedco); (Rx) Approved for use dogs, cats, cattle, calves, horses, swine, sheep, andgoats. No withdrawal times listed.
Human-Approved Products:
Phytonadione Oral Tablets 5 mg; Mephyton® (Merck); (Rx)Phytonadione Injection 2 mg/ml (aqueous colloidal solution) in 0.5 ml amps and syringes and10 mg/ml (aqueous dispersion) in 1 ml amps and 2.5 & 5 ml vials
Aqua-Mephyton (Merck); Generic (IMS); (Rx)